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Fuel oil or heavy oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term ''fuel oil'' is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier than gasoline and naphtha. In Australia the term "distillate" refers specifically to diesel fuel.〔The Macquarie Dictionary 3rd ed, The Macquarie Library 1997〕 == Classes == Although the following trends generally hold true, different organizations may have different numerical specifications for the six fuel grades. The boiling point and carbon chain length of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. Viscosity also increases with number, and the heaviest oil has to be heated to get it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases.〔Kent, James A. ''Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry'' (1983) Van Nostrand Reinhold Company ISBN 0-442-20164-8 pp.492-493〕 Number 1 fuel oil is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners.〔Perry, Robert H., Chilton, Cecil H. and Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. ''Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook'' 4th edition (1963) McGraw Hill p.9-6〕 It is the kerosene refinery cut that boils off right after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. Older names include coal oil, stove oil and range oil.〔 Number 2 fuel oil is a distillate home heating oil.〔 Trucks and some cars use similar diesel fuel with a cetane number limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the light gas oil cut. Gas oil refers to the original use of this fraction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - the gas oil cut was used as an enriching agent for carburetted water gas manufacture.〔 Number 3 fuel oil was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid-20th century.〔 Number 4 fuel oil is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters.〔 It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut.〔 Number 5 fuel oil is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 170 – 220 °F (77 – 104 °C) for proper atomization at the burners.〔 This fuel is sometimes known as Bunker B. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut,〔 or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating.〔 Number 6 fuel oil is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 220 – 260 °F (104 – 127 °C). Residual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue may contain various undesirable impurities including 2 percent water and one-half percent mineral soil. This fuel may be known as residual fuel oil (RFO), by the Navy specification of Bunker C, or by the Pacific Specification of PS-400.〔 Mazut is a residual fuel oil often derived from Russian petroleum sources and is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a petrochemical feedstock. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fuel oil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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